What part of echinacea is used for medicine - Medicinal plants are widely used for the relief of disease symptoms or as dietary supplements. In recent decades, purple coneflower has become extremely well known. An infusion or tincture of purple coneflower can be prepared by anyone simply, inexpensively, and ecologically safely. Three plant part …

 
Pretty much every part of the echinacea plant has been used or considered in supplementation—roots, leaves, stem, and flowers. You can purchase echinacea in tablets, oils, and teas. You can also .... What is the basis for the handling of classified data

Throughout the later part of the nineteenth century and the first thirty years of the twentieth century, Echinacea was the preferred treatment for infections. The introduction of antibiotics resulted in the eclipse of Echinacea, along with the professional medical doctors, known as the "Eclectics," who based their treatment on the use of herbs.7 авг. 2023 г. ... Extracts derived from the root and aerial parts are widely used ... Cytochrome P3A or CYP1A2 substrate drugs: Caution should be used when ...Echinacea. Also known as the purple or prairie coneflower, echinacea (pronounced ek-in-nay-sha) is a wild flower with daisy-like purple blossoms. It is native to the grasslands of central North America and is usually grown in the UK as a garden plant. The name echinacea is derived from the Greek word for prickly hedgehog referring to the sharp ...Echinacea is one of the best-selling herbal preparations in many developed countries. Nowadays, the immunomodulatory effects of Echinacea are a prime concern for research, mainly linked to upper respiratory tract infections. Recent findings have also revealed that certain standardized preparations of Echinacea contain potent and …Chiara mentions, among other studies, a 2007 meta-analysis in the journal Lancet that found echinacea lowered the odds of getting a cold by 58% and shortened the duration of a cold by 1.4 days.SALES OF HERBS and phytomedicines in the United States have exploded in recent years. Americans spent $5.1 billion in 1997 on herbal medicines, nearly a 4-fold increase since 1990. 1 Sales of Echinacea represent 10% of the total US market in herbal medicines. 2 Most herbal products are used to treat minor conditions and illnesses in much the same …Health effects. Echinacea is popularly believed to stimulate the body's immune system and ward off infections, particularly the common cold.However, its clinical efficacy has not been established. History. Echinacea angustifolia rhizome was used by North American Plains Indians, perhaps more than most other plants, for various herbal remedies.Echinacea was one of the basic …Abstract Medicinal plants are widely used for the relief of disease symptoms or as dietary supplements. In recent decades, purple coneflower has become extremely well known. An infusion or tincture of purple coneflower can be prepared by anyone simply, inexpensively, and ecologically safely. Three plant parts of purple coneflower were used in the study: extracts from roots, flowers, and leaves ...Euro-American medical botanists recognized Echinacea in publications as early as 1830. Echinacea angustifolia was introduced to medical use in “Meyer’s Blood Purifier” in 1885 by the folk doctor H. C. F. Meyer of Pawnee City, Nebraska. By the turn of the century, the plant was well established among the Eclectics, a group of physicians who emphasized the use of medicinal …Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of dried extracts prepared from the dried roots of Echinacea angustifolia DC. or the dried aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, when used as …and well-known medicinal plant used by the Native people of North America to ... mosses are used as a part of a growing medium, they can cause problems with ...May 5, 2022 · The Echinacea genus is originally from North America, in the United States, and its species are widely distributed throughout. There are nine different species of Echinacea, but only three of them are used as medicinal plants with wide therapeutic uses: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Oct 16, 2019 · Throughout history, medicinal purposes of plants have been studied, documented, and acknowledged as an integral part of human healthcare systems. The development of modern medicine still relies largely on this historical knowledge of the use and preparation of plants and their extracts. Herbal medicine, also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside conventional medicine. It is becoming more mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality control, along with advances in clinical ...Cellulitis is a common bacterial infection that affects the deeper layers of your skin. It causes painful redness and swelling — and without treatment, it can spread and cause serious health problems. Learn about cellulitis symptoms, treatm...SALES OF HERBS and phytomedicines in the United States have exploded in recent years. Americans spent $5.1 billion in 1997 on herbal medicines, nearly a 4-fold increase since 1990. 1 Sales of Echinacea represent 10% of the total US market in herbal medicines. 2 Most herbal products are used to treat minor conditions and illnesses in much the same manner as conventional Food and Drug ...31 авг. 2018 г. ... To make a great cup of echinacea tea, you'll need to add in other herbs to improve the flavor and ideally increase the medicinal benefits. What ...2. Improved Respiration. Because Echinacea can help boost the immune system and boasts excellent anti-inflammatory actions, it is often taken to relieve various respiratory problems. These include sinusitis, diphtheria, croup, strep …Preparations from Echinacea purpurea are among the most widely used herbal medicines. Most uses of E. purpurea are based on the reported immunological properties. A series of experiments have demonstrated that E. purpurea extracts do indeed demonstrate significant immunomodulatory activities. Among …Background. Echinacea has been widely used as an herbal remedy for the common cold, but efficacy studies have produced conflicting results, and there are a variety of echinacea products on the ...Food Wellness Home What Are the Health Benefits of Echinacea? This widely used herbal remedy may help treat common respiratory infections, though the …Throughout the later part of the nineteenth century and the first thirty years of the twentieth century, Echinacea was the preferred treatment for infections. The introduction of antibiotics resulted in the eclipse of Echinacea, along with the professional medical doctors, known as the "Eclectics," who based their treatment on the use of herbs.The root of echinacea has the strongest medicinal properties, and it’s what I use to make my tinctures. If I want echinacea in a tea or a rinse of some sort, and I’m not really going for some serious immune boosting, then I’ll use the tops of the plant and save my root. But, if you are wanting to use it for its great immune boosting ...Echinacea has long been used for its wound healing properties. It's believed that echinacea may help stimulate the growth of new tissue and reduce inflammation, ...Why people with cancer use it. A survey in America looked into complementary and alternative medicine use in adults. They found that echinacea was the most used ...Echinacea, also known as the purple coneflower, is an herbal medicine that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions.Research on echinacea, including clinical trials, is limited and largely in German. More information is …The book also includes a discussion of proper medicinal and veterinary uses, as well as guidance on when this remedy should not be used. With comprehensive ...In the following lines, we are going to mention 8 echinacea benefits and uses. 1. It protects the immune system. One of the main benefits is the strengthening and preservation of the immune system. It helps to regenerate and reproduce some types of white blood cells, which are an essential part of the immune system.Commercial Echinacea products are available for the public in a variety of forms, including dried plant materials, liquid tinctures (also called fluid extracts), dried extracts, capsules, tablets, and softgels. These preparations are generally used for treatment of cold, flu, and chronic respiratory infections. The treatment success may …Echinacea extracts have been traditionally used to treat various ailments including the common cold, skin disorders, wounds, and respiratory and other infections. Do not use echinacea if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Common side effects of echinacea include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, unpleasant taste, sore throat, fever, …Medicinal herbs play an important role in health care throughout the world—especially in non-industrialized continents such as Africa, South America, and parts of Asia. However, even in many industrialized countries, a number of traditional herbs are still used by a majority of people for minor to moderate every-day ailments for self-medication.Echinacea Supreme. To take Echinacea via a liquid extract, turn to Gaia Herbs Echinacea Supreme. This is a USDA Certified Organic supplement that's great for use at home, the office, and while traveling. If you've never used a liquid extract before, it's easy. Simply use the dropper to put 40-60 drops in a small amount of water.Jan 24, 2022 · There are three main species of Echinacea used in Herbal Medicine today. Often referenced together in modern herbal literature as ‘Echinacea spp’. Echinacea is often used by Herbalists in allergic and autoimmune conditions and in management of infections (4, 5). Roy Upton, in Botanical Medicine for Women's Health, 2010. Echinacea. Echinacea is a popular herb used to prevent and mitigate viral infections, and also to prevent recurrent infection. It is commonly used as a tincture or decoction as part of a protocol for HSV infection. A uniquely American herb, echinacea, also known as purple coneflower, has enjoyed a reputation as a medicinal wonder since its worldwide discovery, distinguished even today as the most popular herbal remedy in the United States.Native American tribes have traditionally used the echinacea plant for everything from toothaches to snake …therapeutic use of Echinacea preparations. These limitations are essentially derived from the concept that Echinacea stimulates the immune system. The assumptions are then made that: • since it is not healthy to stimulate the immune system all of the time, Echinacea should only be used as a short-term treatment. Medicinal herbs play an important role in health care throughout the world—especially in non-industrialized continents such as Africa, South America, and parts of Asia. However, even in many industrialized countries, a number of traditional herbs are still used by a majority of people for minor to moderate every-day ailments for self-medication.The Echinacea roots and their upper parts are used in tablets, tinctures, extracts, and teas. Echinacea products appear to be safe and well-tolerated for short-term usage. However, there have been occasions where consumers reported adverse effects. Recognized side effects include rashes, itchy skin, stomach ache, nausea, and shortness of breath.Sep 4, 2021 · To make 1 mug of echinacea root tea, use 1 tablespoon of dried echinacea root. Place it into a small saucepan, add 1 cup of water and slowly heat the mixture to simmer. No need to boil the mixture to keep the maximum of medicinal properties. Strain it into a mug and enjoy the strong and potent echinacea root tea. Echinacea. Also known as the purple or prairie coneflower, echinacea (pronounced ek-in-nay-sha) is a wild flower with daisy-like purple blossoms. It is native to the grasslands of central North America and is usually grown in the UK as a garden plant. The name echinacea is derived from the Greek word for prickly hedgehog referring to the sharp ...Keep jars of both the roots and petals or leaves in a cool, dark, and dry location. To consume echinacea, either make an infusion from the leaves and petals or a decoction out of the dried roots. For petals and leaves, use one to two teaspoons of the dry material per one cup of water. Steep in boiling water for fifteen to twenty minutes. Common side effects of echinacea may include: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea; fever, sore throat; muscle or joint pain; unusual or unpleasant taste in the mouth; dry mouth, numb feeling in your tongue; headache, dizziness, confusion; or. sleep problems ( insomnia ). Echinacea applied to the skin in a topical form can cause an itchy or ...Fill the jar to within a half-inch of the top, making sure that you completely submerge all the herbal material. Put a lid on the jar and give it a quick shake. Store the jar in a cool dark place for at least a month, shaking anytime you remember. Echinacea tincture after 3 months of storage.Technically classified as an herb, several species of the echinacea plant are used to make medicine from its flowers, leaves and roots. Ad. Prior to 1950 and the introduction of antibiotics, echinacea held an esteemed medicinal status. ... Echinacea extract is essentially a tincture from this upper part of the plant. Many of echinacea's ...No homemade medicine cabinet would be complete without echinacea tincture. It's ... The parts of Echinacea used in herbal medicines are the roots and aerial ...Pretty much every part of the echinacea plant has been used or considered in supplementation—roots, leaves, stem, and flowers. You can purchase echinacea in tablets, oils, and teas. You can also ...Preparations echinacea preparations to 8 weeks because made from several plant species and plant the conditions for which echinacea prepara-parts of the genus Echinacea constituted tions are used are usually relatively minor the top-selling herbal medicine in all chan- and transient.As part of these updates, we are also introducing an exemption that will permit the export of chips for consumer applications. Part 2: Circumvention Prevention: • Establishes a worldwide licensing requirement for export of controlled chips to any company that is headquartered in any destination subject to a U.S. arms embargoMedicinal plants are widely used for the relief of disease symptoms or as dietary supplements. In recent decades, purple coneflower has become extremely well known. …The University of Chicago Medicine is a world-renowned academic medical center located in the heart of Chicago. The Department of Cardiology at the University of Chicago Medicine is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for patients wit...A plant's leaves, bark, stems, roots, seeds, and/or flowers may be used to create herbal remedies. Examples of healing plants for which there is some evidence supporting their ability to either treat or relieve symptoms of certain health conditions include: Ashwagandha. Chamomile. Echinacea.According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, today, people use echinacea to shorten the common cold and flu and reduce symptoms, such as sore throat (pharyngitis), cough, and fever. ... How Echinacea Is Used. The aboveground parts of the plant and roots of echinacea are used fresh or dried to make teas, squeezed (expressed) juice ...Of the echinacea species used in herbal medicine, Echinacea purpurea is the ... Or you can make a tincture by macerating 1 part of dried root in 5 parts of ...These include a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, chills, very bad sore throat, ear or sinus pain, cough, more sputum or change in color of sputum, pain with passing urine, mouth sores, wound that will not heal, or anal itching or pain. Signs of liver problems like upset stomach or throwing up, belly pain, feeling tired, dark urine, yellow ...INTRODUCTION. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of the most important and well-known medicinal plants in the world, belonging to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. The plant is the most widely cultivated medicinal plant in this species,[] which has been mainly used in chemo-preventive and chemotherapy for infectious diseases in both upper and …Pretty much every part of the echinacea plant has been used or considered in supplementation—roots, leaves, stem, and flowers. ... Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. 2013; ...Dec 7, 2019 · According to a 2002 study, echinacea extracts can reduce inflammation in rats through oral and topical use. Human studies have also been promising. In a small pilot study, a three-day echinacea treatment effectively reduced inflammation in six patients exhibiting cold and flu symptoms. 4. Support Mental Health. 1 февр. 2020 г. ... Echinacea has been used for centuries and prior to the development ... Herbal medicine utilises three parts of the Echinacea plant – the root, ...Jul 2, 2023 · Echinacea purpurea has its medicinal properties concentrated in the flowers and leaves, so I focus on harvesting the aerial parts of the plant first and then the roots second. You can use only the flowers and leaves for medicine or only the roots, or you can use all parts of the plant together (as I do in this whole-plant echinacea tincture ... Use around 1 tablespoon of dried echinacea in every cup of freshly boiled water for a potent tea. You can also use the fresh leaves and flowers, but plan to use 1/4 cup of plant material for every cup of water. Steep the echinacea for up to 30 minutes before drinking. Dried echinacea root can be made into decoctions.Echinacea. Echinacea purpurea / Echinacea angustifolia Asteraceae. During the early 20th century, echinacea was the most popular remedy in the USA for managing infections and was only eclipsed by the arrival of antibiotics after the Second World War. Key benefits. Prevention against upper respiratory infections. Persistent and chronic infections.How It Is Used . The aboveground parts of the plant and roots of echinacea are used fresh or dried to make teas, squeezed (expressed) juice, extracts, or preparations for external use. ... Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;137(12):939-946. Echinacea. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Web site. Accessed atEchinacea is to receive international a kind of immunopotentiating agent of generally paying attention at present, and its extract and preparation sales volume occupy U.S.'s medical market and sell preceding 5 of rank.Its medicinal history can be traced back to Flat head's period, and this platymiscium is used as that treatment wound, Serpentis sting, the …Echinacea angustifolia – Also known as the narrow-leaf coneflower, this variety grows native in the Midwest. It has been used by indigenous people for centuries as a medicinal plant. This isn’t as pretty as some other varieties, so it’s best grown for medicine. Hardy in zones 3-9. How to Plant Echinacea Native Americans in the United States' midwest have been using echinacea as a medicinal herb for over 400 years. The Great Plains Indians used echinacea for various problems, from toothaches to ...Dec 7, 2019 · According to a 2002 study, echinacea extracts can reduce inflammation in rats through oral and topical use. Human studies have also been promising. In a small pilot study, a three-day echinacea treatment effectively reduced inflammation in six patients exhibiting cold and flu symptoms. 4. Support Mental Health. Echinacea species, a popular medicinal herb throughout the world, have been used by ... The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of ...Most common adverse effects reported were headache, nausea, and a bad taste. In treatment trials, Echinacea products were associated with a higher rate of adverse effects (323 of 946 patients receiving Echinacea vs 281 of 863 patients receiving placebo; odds ratio [OR], 1.28 [95% CI, 1.02-1.60]; P = .03). In prevention trials, there was no ...Technically classified as an herb, several species of the echinacea plant are used to make medicine from its flowers, leaves and roots. Ad. Prior to 1950 and the introduction of antibiotics, echinacea held an esteemed medicinal status. ... Echinacea extract is essentially a tincture from this upper part of the plant. Many of echinacea’s ...Three types of Echinacea are frequently grown in gardens and used for medicinal purpose: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, and Echinacea pallida. Each year, new varieties of purple coneflower are introduced. Currently, there are 24 varieties of Echinacea which are hybrids of two different coneflower species, namely: Avalanche (Echinacea Purpurea ‘avalanche’) Cheyenne Spirit ...5 мая 2022 г. ... ... used as medicinal plants with wide therapeutic uses: Echinacea purpurea (L.) ... Bioactive polysaccharides may substantiate a part of the ...History. Echinacea is a popular herbal remedy in the United States. The plant was used in traditional medicine by American Indians and was quickly adopted by settlers. During the 1800s, claims of curative properties of the plant ranged from blood purification to treatment of dizziness and rattlesnake bites.Different cultures have used echinacea for scarlet fever, malaria, syphilis, diphtheria and blood poisoning. That does not mean that echinacea is the legitimate cure-all. Although Echinacea was very popular and an important part of medicine in the 18th and 19th centuries, it began to fade throughout the United States when antibiotics were ...Different cultures have used echinacea for scarlet fever, malaria, syphilis, diphtheria and blood poisoning. That does not mean that echinacea is the legitimate cure-all. Although Echinacea was very popular and an important part of medicine in the 18th and 19th centuries, it began to fade throughout the United States when antibiotics were ...made of Specific Medicine Echinacea and Echafolta, the most famous preparations. ... Wagner H. and colab. isolated D polyhalosidic fractions, on the upper parts of the plant of Echinacea purpurea ...Medicinal use of Echinacea: Echinacea is considered to be the most effective detoxicant in Western herbal medicine for the circulatory, lymphatic and respiratory systems. Its use has also been adopted by Ayurvedic medicine. Plants in this genus were probably the most frequently used of N. American Indian herbal remedies.11 апр. 2023 г. ... The leaves and flowers of the echinacea plant are most often used to make herbal teas, but the roots also hold real powerful medicinal value.Purple Coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea) Echinacea purpurea, also called Purple Coneflower, is one of the most widely cultivated medicinal plants in the US (Ross, 2016) and Europe (Barrett, 2003). It is a tall perennial member of the Composite family indigenous to eastern and central North America. This plant is used to treat common diseases ...Since time immemorial Indigenous peoples in Canada have been using plants and other natural materials as medicine. Plant medicines are used more frequently than those derived from animals. In all, Indigenous peoples have identified over 400 different species of plants (as well as lichens, fungi and algae) with medicinal applications. …And if you have to use dry plant material for your echinacea tincture, you can dilute Culinary Solvent’s ethanol with equal parts water. So for 20 grams of dry echinacea, you’ll need 100 ml of alcohol solvent. By using 50 ml water and 50 ml Culinary Solvent, you end up with 100 ml of 100 proof (or 50%) alcohol. You can follow a similar ...Use echinacea as a preventative if you are prone to upper respiratory problems like frequent colds, sore throats, sinuses, middle ear pain, or viral infections like flu. ... Probably because of the difficulty of mass cultivation …are used for medicinal purposes. The phytochemi-cal composition of echinacea preparations may also vary owing to differences in the part of the plant used, the method used to extract the material ...Echinacea (E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, E. pallida.) are plants related to sunflowers and ragweed. The leaf, flower, and root are used as medicine.

The findings suggest that the use of Echinacea supplementation may be useful in the prevention or management of COVID-19-related cytokine storm in humans, however further targeted studies are needed. Levels of IL-6 and TNF both independently predict COVID-19 disease severity and mortality and may be important therapeutic targets. Therapies .... Jordan rogers

what part of echinacea is used for medicine

Overview Echinacea (E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, E. pallida.) are plants related to sunflowers and ragweed. The leaf, flower, and root are used as medicine. Echinacea …These include; Echinacea purpurea (broad leaved or common purple coneflower), E. angustifolia (narrow leaved purple coneflower) and E. pallida (pale purple coneflower). The most easily cultivated of the three is E. purpurea making it the most widely used today, it is also popular because all parts of the plant can be used (leaf, flower, seed ...Jul 2, 2023 · Echinacea purpurea has its medicinal properties concentrated in the flowers and leaves, so I focus on harvesting the aerial parts of the plant first and then the roots second. You can use only the flowers and leaves for medicine or only the roots, or you can use all parts of the plant together (as I do in this whole-plant echinacea tincture ... A massive bombing at a Gaza City hospital killed hundreds of people and led to Israel and Hamas trading blame for the attack, which happened ahead of US President Joe Biden's trip to Tel Aviv on ...Oct 24, 2022 · History. Echinacea is a popular herbal remedy in the United States. The plant was used in traditional medicine by American Indians and was quickly adopted by settlers. During the 1800s, claims of curative properties of the plant ranged from blood purification to treatment of dizziness and rattlesnake bites. Echinacea, has a long history of use in traditional medicine by various indigenous tribes of North America, including the Great Plains tribes such as the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Comanche. These tribes used different parts of the plant for a variety of purposes, such as treating infections, snake bites, and toothaches.There are three different types of echinacea grown for herbal preparation: Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida (Foster, 2009). While these three types of echinacea are used in herbal formulation interchangeably, and often in conjunction, E. angustifolia, or E. purpurea are the species that most herbalists prefer.Objective . To identify whether a standardised Echinacea formulation is effective in the prevention of respiratory and other symptoms associated with long-haul flights. Methods . 175 adults participated in a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial travelling back from Australia to America, Europe, or Africa for a period of 1–5 weeks on commercial flights …6 июн. 2017 г. ... Today, it is often used to prevent or treat viruses that cause colds, sore throats, or the flu. You can find echinacea products in most drug ...Jun 10, 2023 · Today, echinacea is widely used as a natural remedy for these same conditions. The medicinal parts of the echinacea plant are the roots, leaves, and flowers. The whole plant has different benefits and properties. The Roots. The roots of the echinacea plant are the most commonly used part of the plant in making tinctures. Here are 9 of the world’s most popular herbal medicines, including their main benefits, uses, and relevant safety information. 1. Echinacea. Echinacea, or coneflower, is a flowering plant and ...Native Americans in the United States' midwest have been using echinacea as a medicinal herb for over 400 years. The Great Plains Indians used echinacea for various problems, from toothaches to ...Dec 17, 2017 · The roots and aerial parts are used from the Echinacea plant. The aerial parts are most often used for herbal teas, while the roots hold the most powerful medicine from the plant. Harvesting the aerial parts can be done in the second year of growth. Harvesting the aerial parts is as simple as cutting the stem above the lowest pair of leaves. Echinacea, also known as the purple coneflower, is an herbal medicine that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions.Research on echinacea, including clinical trials, is limited and largely in German. More information is …Euro-American medical botanists recognized Echinacea in publications as early as 1830. Echinacea angustifolia was introduced to medical use in “Meyer’s Blood Purifier” in 1885 by the folk doctor H. C. F. Meyer of Pawnee City, Nebraska. By the turn of the century, the plant was well established among the Eclectics, a group of physicians who emphasized the use of medicinal …Echinacea is native to North America and was used by Native Americans for its range of medicinal benefits. Archaeological digs have found evidence of echinacea use by the Lakota Sioux dating back to the 17th century. The Sioux were said to use it to treat syphilis. Other tribes known to have used echinacea include the Choctaw, Pawnee, and Cheyenne.Echinacea is one of the most popular herbs in America today. Echinacea is a Native American medicinal plant named for the prickly scales in its large conical seed head, which resembles the spines of an angry hedgehog (echinos is Greek for hedgehog).Archaeologists have found evidence that Native Americans may have used echinacea for more than 400 years to treat infections and wounds, and as a ....

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